Lower Bounds for Shellsort

We show lower bounds on the worst-case complexity of Shellsort. In particular, we give a fairly simple proof of an (n lg 2 n=(lg lg n) 2) lower bound for the size of Shellsort sorting networks, for arbitrary increment sequences. We also show an identical lower bound for the running time of Shellsort algorithms, again for arbitrary increment sequences. Our lower bounds establish an almost tight trade-oo between the running time of a Shellsort algorithm and the length of the underlying increment sequence.